Following are excerpts of testimony by Victoria Nuland, assistant secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, U.S. Department of State, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on October 8. The full text of her testimony (as prepared) was provided by the State Department.
…This week we celebrate 25 years since Germany’s reunification – the first major step on our journey toward a Europe whole, free, and at peace. Today that journey goes through Ukraine. Across Ukraine, citizens are standing up and sacrificing for the universal values that bind us as a transatlantic community: for sovereignty, territorial integrity, human rights, dignity, clean and accountable government, and justice for all. America helps Ukraine because that country’s success is central to our own profound national interest in an ever more democratic, prosperous, stable Europe. Ukraine’s aspirations are ours.
In the six months since I last appeared before this committee, Ukraine can be proud of the progress it has made:
• Last spring, the IMF approved an augmented four-year, $17.5 billion economic support program for Ukraine, $6.7 billion of which has already been disbursed.
• The government has proposed and the Rada has passed legislation to reform the energy and agriculture sectors, strengthen the banks, shrink and modernize government bureaucracy, devolve more authority to the regions and create oversight structures to clean up corruption.
• Last month, Ukraine reached a landmark debt-relief deal with its creditors, opening the door for more intensive support.
• The September 1 ceasefire in eastern Ukraine is largely holding, the Minsk parties have signed and begun to implement agreements to pull back their heavy weapons, and some IDPs [internally displaced persons] are returning home.
While we welcome this progress, Ukraine still has a long, hard road to travel. …
The Minsk agreements
The September 2014 and February 2015 package of Minsk agreements remains the best hope for peace, weapons withdrawal, political normalization, decentralization in Eastern Ukraine and the return of Ukrainian state sovereignty over that part of its border. Yet in the eight months since the February signing of the implementing agreement, eastern Ukraine has seen almost constant violence all along the contact line, continued weapons shipments from Russia masquerading as humanitarian aid, separatist filibustering and threats at the political negotiating table, and repeated Russian efforts to relitigate basic elements of Minsk.
On September 1, however, the guns largely fell silent. And on October 2 , in Paris, President [Vladimir[ Putin agreed to put a stop to the separatists’ threat to hold another round of fake elections. Instead, he committed to Presidents [Petro] Poroshenko and [François] Hollande and Chancellor [Angela] Merkel to withdraw heavy weapons, allow full access to the OSCE all the way to the border, and to negotiate modalities for real elections in Donbas under Ukrainian law, safe conditions, and observation by OSCE’s ODIHR [Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights].
… we will also keep pushing to complete other unfinished aspects of Minsk– the return of all hostages, including Nadiya Savchenko, Oleh Sentsov, and those held in Russia; full humanitarian access for U.N. agencies, Ukrainian NGOs and government relief agencies; and the removal of all foreign forces, weapons and landmines. …
… we will judge Russia and the separatists by their actions, not their words. We will work with the EU to keep sanctions in place until the Minsk agreements are fully implemented. And of course, Crimea sanctions remain in place so long as the Kremlin imposes its will on that piece of Ukrainian land.
Reforms update
While 7 percent of Ukrainian territory remains under threat, the other 93 percent is fighting a different battle: to build a democracy that is closer to its people; an economy where what you know matters more than whom you know; and a society where law rules rather than corruption and greed.
The electoral, judicial, financial, and anti-corruption reforms already put forward by the government and enacted by the Rada are impressive in their scope and political courage.
Here are just a few examples:
• With generous U.S. support, newly vetted and trained police forces are now patrolling the streets of Kyiv, Odesa, Lviv and Kharkiv, with another three provinces to be covered by year’s end. By the end of 2016, every Ukrainian oblast will have them.
• A new National Anti-Corruption Bureau is being stood up and will work with a new special anti-corruption prosecutor once the latter is appointed.
• With U.S., EU, and U.K. help, new local prosecutors are being hired, old ones are tested and retrained, and all will now submit to periodic performance evaluations to root out corruption and malfeasance.
• Ukraine is closing loopholes in its pension system to help reduce the system’s $3.7 billion annual deficit.
• It is working hard to increase energy efficiency, cut subsidies for state-owned gas producers and establish a market-oriented model.
• And, with the help of the IMF, the government is rebuilding its financial sector, closing insolvent banks and strengthening protection of depositors’ rights.
These efforts and more are beginning to bear fruit:
• The latest IMF forecasts released this week predict Ukraine’s economy will grow by 2 percent in 2016.
• Ukraine exported a record-breaking 33.5 million tons of grain in 2014, and in 2015 will increase agricultural exports by 6 percent.
• And, Ukraine’s foreign reserves have increased to $12.8 billion, up from a low of $5.6 billion in February.
What the U.S. is doing
With Congress’ unwavering support, the United States has committed to provide over $548 million in assistance to Ukraine since the start of this crisis, in addition to two $1 billion loan guarantees. With continued progress on economic reforms and as conditions warrant, we will ask you to work with us on a third loan guarantee of up to $1 billion. U.S. economic and technical advisors advise almost a dozen Ukrainian ministries and localities. Our $69 million in humanitarian support helps 2.4 million displaced Ukrainians through international relief organizations and local NGOs.
Because there can be no reform in Ukraine without security, $266 million of our support has been in the security sector. This includes sending: 130 HMMWVs, 150 thermal and night vision devices, over 300 secure radios, five Explosive Ordnance Disposal robots, and 20 counter-mortar radars.
Just last week, we notified Ukraine that two more life-saving long-range counterfire radar batteries are on the way. And, in November, we will complete a $19 million train and equip program for Ukraine’s National Guard and begin training Ukrainian Ministry of Defense forces using $45 million in European Reassurance Initiative funding. …
What Ukraine still must do
…As I said, much difficult work remains to clean up endemic corruption throughout government and society, at every level; to stabilize the economy; break the hold of corrupt state enterprises and oligarchs; and reform the justice system.
Key steps toward these reforms include:
• Procurement and revenue management reform in the gas sector, and unbundling of services along with the restructuring of Naftohaz by Ukraine’s deadline of June 2016.
• Like Ukraine’s police force, the Prosecutor General’s Office (PGO) has to be reinvented as an institution that serves the citizens of Ukraine, rather than ripping them off. That means it must investigate and successfully prosecute corruption and asset recovery cases – including locking up dirty personnel in the PGO itself.
• The newly created Inspector General’s Office within Ukraine’s prosecution service must be able to work independently and effectively, without political or judicial interference.
• And, the government must appoint the NABU anti-corruption prosecutor ASAP in order to start investigating these crimes.
Ukraine is well-situated to provide products and services to Europe and Eurasia, but must improve the business climate by dismantling thousands of duplicative functions and transparently privatizing approximately 1,800 state-owned enterprises, and do more to recapitalize and repair its banking system. Clean governance and business practices that root out corruption are essential to attracting more foreign investment and development opportunities.
Ukrainians also need a justice system that cannot be bought, one that will deliver verdicts, uphold the rule of law and stop injustice, which was a key demand of the Maidan protests. Currently, only 5 percent of the Ukrainian population completely trust the judiciary. Inspiring confidence will require passing the constitutional amendments to limit judges’ immunity, improve judicial ethics and standards, and rigorously investigate judicial misconduct and enforce disciplinary rules and dismissals.
What the international community must do
While Ukraine works through these tough challenges, the United States, Europe and the international community must keep faith with Ukraine and help ensure that Russia’s aggression and meddling can’t crush Ukraine’s spirit, its will, or its economy before reforms take hold.
We must challenge the false narrative that nothing can or will change in Ukraine. To fight disinformation not only in Ukraine and Russia, but across Russian-speaking communities in Europe, we are joining forces with our partners in the EU to support alternatives to state-sponsored, Russian programming. We are also training foreign journalists and civil society actors in the art of fighting lies with the truth.
… America’s investment in Ukraine is about far more than protecting the choice of a single European country. It’s about protecting the rules-based system across Europe and around the world. It’s about saying no to borders changed by force, to big countries intimidating their neighbors or demanding a sphere of influence.
I thank this committee for its bipartisan support and commitment to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and to a Europe whole, free and at peace.